Galileo

Born: 1564
Died: 1642

Completed the first astronomical telescope.

Discovered the Moon was made up of mountainous surfaces.

He was mainly a philosopher and a mathematician.

He believed the heliocentric theories.

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0820042.html
http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html